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Grammar Review the present perfect continuous and present perfect .-@ The present perfect continuous :It is for past actions which can be seen in or affect the present. No time is gives.1-تستخدم للتعبير عن أفعال وقعت ولكن يمكن أن نجد أثرها فى المضارع أو نرى الفعل نفسه قائماً فى المضارع . ولا تستخدم كلمة تدل على زمن محدد فى الماضى قبل الماضى البسيط.2- The present perfect continuous.It is for actions which continue from the past to the present without stopping.يستخدم المضارع التام المستمر ليعبر عن أحداث بدأت فى الزمن الماضى ومازالت مستمرة فى الوقت الحالى بدون توقف.2- We often use the present perfect simple withنستخدم الكلمات التالية مع الزمن المضارع المستمر وهى: Even ابدا never أبدا already بالفعل Just للتو yet بعد 3- The present perfect continuous is used with since and for تستخد الكلمات منذ since ولمدة for مع الزمن المضارع التام المستمر. - Examples: 1- Salma has been watching TV since two o'clock.2- Salley has been painting a picture for long time she hasn't finished it yet.3- Ahmed has been learning a new language since the beginning of summer. He has already learned many words.2- The future with going to and willالتعبير عن المستقبل باستخدام going to وفعل will والفرق بينهما:1We use going to for things which we plan or intend to do.? نستخدم going to للتعبير عن الأشياء والأفعال التى نخطط للقيام بها أو ننوى أن نفعلها.A) Soha has a lot of home work to do she is going to finish it to night.2- We use will for requests and for things which we've just decided to do- نستخدم will للتعبير عن الطلب أو للتعبير عن أشياء التى قررنا أن نفعلها ونؤديها فى القريب.B) Hesham is tired so he will finish his work to morrow morning.? We also use going to for thing. That are going to happen now or very soon.? نستخدم going to أيضاً للتعبير عن أشياء سوف تحدث الآن أو فى القريب العاجل.c) Soha is going to phone her mother to take her home.4- We use will to predict things that will happen in the future? ونستخدم will أيضا للتعبير عن التنبؤ بأشيءا سوف تحدث فى المستقبل.1- I think it will rain tomorrow - Sentence with the same kind of information.3- كلمات تأتى فى جمل تحتوى على نفس النوع من المعلومات.We use and , as well as; in addition and too for the same kind of information.1- نستخدم الكلمات التالية فى الجمل التى بها معلومات من نفس النوع - and و - as well وأيضا - in addition بالإضافة - too أيضاً 1- We have got some pizza and Pepsi.2- We have got some pizza in addition, we have got some Pepsi.3- We have got some pizza. We've got some Pepsi too.4- We have got some pizza. We've got some Pepsi as well.4- Sentences with different or opposite information 4- كلمات تأتى مع جمل تحتوى على معلومات مختلفة أو معاكسةWe use but, although, however and on the other hand for opposite or different information.نستخدم الكلمات but ولكن –بالرغم من although و however مهما او مع ذلك و من ناحية أخرى On the other hand فى الجمل التى بها معلومات مختلفة أو متناقضة أو معاكسة.5- Saying what you want5- كيف تريد أن تقول ما تريد؟We use want or would like to say what we want. We use would rather, would prefer or instead if we choose something different.5- نستخدم فعل يريد want أو أحب would like أو من الأحرى أو أفضل أو بدلا إذا أردنا أن نختار شيئا مختلفا عما يقال.1- what would you like to have?- I want orange juice.- I'd like ice cream.- I'd prefer tea.- I'd rather have apple juice.- I'd like milk instead.6- Past perfect tense الزمن الماضى التام1- The past perfect tells us that one action happened before another in the past 1- يخبرنا الماضى التام بأن هناك حدث تم وانتهى قبل حدوث وانتهاء حدث بعده فى الماضى.2- We make the past perfect with had and the past participles3- يتكون الماضى التام من فعل had ثم التصريف الثالث للفعل الذى حدث وعادة ما يكون فى الجملة فعل آخر فى الزمن الماضى البسيط حتى نعرف ترتيب حدوث الأفعال.Examples:After I had finished my home work yesterday, I ate my dinner.فى المثال السابق نجده أن الفعل الذى حدث أولا هو انتهاء الواجب المنزلى ثم بعد ذلك آكل العشاء. نستخدم الكلمات التالية لربط جمل بها فعلان أحدهما فى الماضى التام والأخرى فى الماضى البسيط. After بعد Before قبل By the time حتى 3- We also use the past perfect in reported questions3- كما أننا نستخدم الماضى التام فى صياغة أسئلة الكلام الغير مباشر. My mother asked me if I had finished my home work before I ate my dinner.6- Sentences with if and wouldالجمل التى تستخدم فيها (if) و (would) 1- We use these sentences with (if) to talk about impossible changes to the past. 1- تستخدم هذه الجمل مع الأداة (if) للحديث عن أحداث وأفعال أو تغيرات مستحيلة أن تتم فى الماضى2- The verb after (if) is in the past perfect the other verb has (would have + the past participle) يأتى فى الفعل بعد الأداءة (if) فى الزمن الماضى التام والفعل الآخر يتكون من: (would + have + p.p) تعنى التصريف الثالث للفعلExamples: ? Ahmed and Samy are playing football in the park now.? They did not play football yesterday because it was raining.(They would have played football yesterday if I had not rained heavily.) Or ( If it had not rained heavily yesterday, they would have played football in the part) ( ومعنى الجملتين السابقتين: أنهما كانا من المقرر أن يلعبا أمس كرة قدم فى المنتزه لو أن السماء لم تمطر بغزارة) لو أن السماء لم تمطر بغزارة أمس لكانا قد لعبا كرة قدم فى المنتزه وتذكر الحالات الثلاث لجمل الشرط if 1- Probable or possible ممكن محتمل 1- subject + will + verb ….. + if + subject الفاعل + verbI will visit my friend tomorrow if I have enough time. سأزور صديقى غدا إذا توفر لى الوقت الكافى. (هذا محتمل)2- Improbable غير محتمل 2- subject + would + verb + ….. if + subject فاعل + verb in the past الفعل فى الزمن الماضى البسيط + ………I would visit my friend tomorrow if I had enough time سأزور صديقى غدا إذا كان لدى الوقت الكافى (ولكن هذا غير محتمل لأنه ليس لدى الوقت الكافى على ما يبدو3- Impossible مستحيل3- subject + would + have + p.p …….. if + subject + had + p.p I would have visited my friend yesterday if I have had enough time.ومعناها أننى كان المقرر أن أزور صديقى أمس لو كان قد توفر لى الوقت الكافى ولكن لم أتمكن من زيارة صديقى لأنه لم يتوفر لى الوقت الكافى (وهذا هو المعنى المفهوم من تركيب الجمل السابقة).

chapter(1) A) AXEL AND HIS UNCLE Professor Lidenbrock was a famous geologist of the nineteenth century. He gave lectures in the university of Hamburg in Germany. He knew more about the Earth than any other scientist. Axel was his nephew. He lived with his uncle after the death of his parents. Axel was proud to be the assistant of his uncle. One Sunday afternoon in May 1863 professor went home early. He was carrying a book in his hand and was very excited. Martha, his cook, was worried because his dinner was not ready. B) THE OLD BOOK The professor sat in his study examining the book he had brought. He called Axle and talked to him about it and how it was fantastic. It was the translation of a famous Icelandic book which was written by a scientist of the twelfth century called "Snorri Sturlasson". C) THE PRCHMENT A piece of parchment fell out of the book. There was a meassage written on it. At first he believed it was written in runes, the letters of the old Icelandic alphabet. Then he guessed it was written in Latin because scientists of the sixteenth century wrote about their discoveries in Latin. He found that the writing on the parchment was not the same as the writing of the book. He concluded that the parchment was not written by the writer of the book, but written later by its owner. D)THE PROBLEM OF THE PARCHMENT with the help of a magnifying glass the Professor could read on the parchment the name of its writer "Arne Saknussemm". He was a famous Icelandic scientist of the sixteenth century. The Professor could not make any sense of the writing. The letters were mixed up. It was written in a secret code. The Professor could not explain why Arne hid what he had discovered and wanted to keep it secret. THE PROFESSOR'S ANGERThe Professor was greatly excited because he was unable to break the secret code of the message on the parchment. He did not eat anything. He went out in anger. Martha, the cook, looked at him anxiously and said that he would die of hunger.

chapter (2) A)AXEL SOLVES THE SECRET CODE Axel tried to break the secret code of the parchment. He tried every combination of letters to form Latin words but he failed. By chance, he read two Latin words "crater of the earth". This enabled him to read and understand the message. The message was surprising. The man said he was able to go to the center of the earth. Axel decided not to tell his uncle about his discovery. He was sure the Professor would insist on doing it himself. He wanted to burn the parchment but couldn't as the Professor entered at the same moment. B) AXEL TELLS HIS UNCLEABOUT HIS DISCOVERY The Professor spent the night and part of the day looking at the parchment and trying to break the secret code, but be couldn't. he stopped eating and could not sleep. So, Axel felt sorry for him and told him about his discovery. The message said, "Go down into the crater of Sneffles which was touched by the shadow of scartairs before July. You will reach the center of the earth as I did. "The Professor became very happy. He gave a great cry and jumped to his feet and the books flew everywhere. C) THE PROFESSOR'S DECISION TO MAKE THE JOURNEY The Professor and Axel had their dinner. The Professor decided to make the journey to the centre of the earth. The Professor sat in his study and praised Axel's cleverness. He asked Axel to bring the Atlas. They saw the places that Arne had mentioned ذكرها in his message. Sneffles was an extinct volcano. It had not erupted since 1229. It had several craters but one of them only led to the centre of the earth. Axel told his uncle that the volcano might erupt and that the centre of the earth was very hot. The Professor did not change his mind. They would see for themselves. They would leave for Iceland in two days.

Chapter(3) A) THE JOURNEY TO ICELAND The Professor and Axel prepared for their journey. They packed guns, tools and scientific instruments into boxes. They travelled on a steamer to Copenhagen where they got letters of introduction to important people in Iceland. From Copenhagen they sailed to the capital of Iceland. The Professor was seasick most of the voyage. In the capital of Iceland, they met Dr. Fridrikson. He told the Professor about the Iceland volcanoes which were not explored and suggested for him, Snaffles volcano. He also arranged for a guide called Hans to go with them. B) THE JOURNEY TO SNEFFLES Hans led the Professor and Axel out of the capital of Iceland. They travelled for three days in the countryside. There were hardly any animals or crops. They had to cross inlets and sometimes they had to wait until the tide was out. The Icelanders were kind and helpful. The characters slept in farmhouses. The Icelanders gave them the best food and drink and refused to take any money. Then the characters climbed up through sharp rocks. Axel got tired while the Professor walked very quickly. Axel was frightened and told his uncle the volcano might not be extinct. Axel dreamt that he was inside a volcano and he was shot out of it like a rocket. The three men climbed up and it was hard for them to breathe. At last, they reached the top of Sneffels which looked like a cone. They camped at the edge of the crater. C) THE THREE CHIMNEYS The next morning, they began to go down to the bottom of the crater with the help of ropes. At the bottom they found three chimneys. The Professor discovered on the rock letters which spelt the name Arne Saknussemm. This meant they were on the right way to the centre of the earth. The characters couldn't find out the right chimney which they would descent. There was no shadow of Scartaris because there was no sun.

Chapter ( 4 ) A) GOING DOWN TO THE BOTTOM OF THE MIDDLE CHIMNEY The sun shone on the fourth day. The shadow of Scartaris fell on the middle chimney. So, they prepared to descend it. Hans put the supplies and the tools in a bag and let it down with a rope. Then they descended one after the other with the help of a rope tied to the edge of the chimney. It was very tiring. The chimney was getting narrower downwards. They reached the bottom at midnight. The Professor had examined the rocks and found out that the centre of the earth was not hot. Early in the morning, a ray of sunlight woke them up. The lava walls around them were shining. The sunlight came from the chimney. B) GOING INTO A PASSAGE TO THE RIGHT The characters left the main chimney and went into a passage to the right. With the help of a strong electric torch, they went forward. They spent the night in a cave with air and wind. Axel was worried because they did not find any springs of water as the Professor had expected. They had used half of their water. At noon, they reached the end of the passage. It divided into two paths one going east and the other going west. The Professor pointed to the eastern path and they got into it.

The Reader

Chapter 3

Professor Lidedbrock and Axel packed guns,tools and instrument into their boxes. Then , they off on their journey . They reached Copenhagen . A Danish scientist gave them letters of introduction to the most important men in Iceland (Dr.Fridrikson) . Dr Fridrikson told them that Iceland had many volcanoes which had not been explored.. He told them that Sneffels had not erupted for the last six hundred years .. Aguide called Hans would take them to Sneffels. They left Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland , and crossed the countryside .. The Icelanders were helpful and kind to them .. They travelled through beds af lava and sharp rocks .. Axelwas full of fear and he dreamed that he was inside avolcano and there was agreat explosion.. They climbed Sneffels .. They reached its top and camped at the edge of the crater .. It was very high and they used ropes to descend .. At the bottom of the crater there were three chimneys .. Professor Lidenbrock saw alarge rock with some letters A.S on it .. They spelled the name of Arne Saknussemm .. Professor Lidenbrock and Axel had to discover which of the three chimneys Arne Sakussemm had descended .......................................................................................................................................